Uses
of Salt
Salt has more than 14,000 known uses.
Chemical Feedstock
The greatest single use for salt is as a feedstock for the production
of chemicals. The chlor-alkali industry uses salt, primarily as salt in
brine from captive brine wells, to produce chlorine and caustic soda.
Demand for salt in to produce chemicals fell from 25 million metric tons
in 1974 to a low of 16.7 million metric tons in 1992. However, chemical
use rebounded in 1994 to 18.4 million metric tons. Much of the decreased
demand for chlorine was attributed to environmental concerns about dioxins.
Salt is also used to make sodium chlorate and metallic sodium by electrolysis
and, sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid by reacting with sulfuric acid.
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Salt for Human Nutrition
All animals, humans included, require both sodium and chloride for life
and health. Since the body cannot manufacture either, they are "essential"
nutrients. While developed countries dedicate most of their salt to chemical
production, developing countries often use most of their salt for human
and animal nutrition.
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Salt for Animal Nutrition
Livestock, poultry and other animals do not always receive adequate amounts
of sodium and chloride from forages and other feeds. They need supplemental
salt as part of a nutritionally balanced diet to remain healthy, disease
free, and to achieve optimum growth and reproduction rates. Because animals
have a natural, definitive appetite for salt - they will eat only a certain
amount - it is used to ensure adequate intake of less palatable nutrients
and as a means of limiting feed intake. Salt can be mixed with feed or
fed free-choice, and is an excellent carrier for trace minerals, It is
produced plain or as trace mineralized salt, in 50 lb blocks, smaller
spools, and as loose salt, commonly known as mixing salt.
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Water
Softener
Water is considered hard when it contains calcium and magnesium (hardness
ions). Hard water requires more soap and detergent for laundering, cleaning
and bathing because suds do not form as well in hard water. The reaction
between soap and hard water results in a greasy, curd-like deposit which
makes fabrics feel harsh and leaves water spots on dishes and utensils.
Mineral scale builds up in hot water appliances and industrial boilers,
reducing energy efficiency and shortening appliance and equipment life.
Water is conditioned or softened by removing the calcium and magnesium
ions from hard water and replacing them with "soft" sodium ions. Water
softeners use cation exchange resin to exchange sodium for calcium and
magnesium. As supply water flows through the resin bed, the exchange takes
place and the water becomes soft. Water softener cation exchange resins
are regenerated with a 10% salt brine solution made by dissolving water
softener salt.
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Pulp & Paper
Salt is used to manufacture chlorine and caustic soda. In paper making,
caustic soda is used to process wood fibers and chlorine is used to bleach
the pulp. Sodium chlorate, also made from salt, is replacing chlorine
as the primary chemical for bleaching pulp.
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Other Industries:
Salt is used to fix and standardise dye batches in the textile industry;
it is used in metal processing and secondary aluminium making, to remove
impurities; rubber manufacturers use salt to separate rubber from latex;
salt is used as a filler and grinding agent in pigment and dry-detergent
processes; ceramics manufacturers use salt for vitrifying the surface
of heated clays; soap makers separate soap from water and glycerol with
salt; oil and gas drillers use salt in well drilling muds to inhibit
fermentation, increase density and to stabilize drilling in rock salt
formations; hide processors and leather tanners use salt to cure, preserve
and tan hides; and there are more.
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Industrial Uses of Salt
A variety of materials, each of which is used in the production of many
products, are produced by different treatments, or processing, of rock
salt or salt brine. Following are a few of the most important:
LIQUID SODIUM - in more recent years, used as the coolant, or
heat exchanger, an essential element in the nuclear process.
METALLIC SODIUM - used in making brass and bronze; sodium cyanide,
in turn, used in making case-hardened steel and fumigating materials,
in indigo and other synthetic dyes.
CHLORINE - used primarily in producing polymers that are used
in manufacture of plastics, synthetic fibers and synthetic rubber; also
used in crude oil refining, for making pesticides; in household bleach,
water treatment and sewage treatment.
CAUSTIC SODA - an element used in making glass, rayon, polyester
and other synthetic fibers, plastics, soaps and detergents.
SODIUM SULFATE - used extensively in the manufacture of pulp
and paper, dyes and ceramic glazes.
SODIUM CARBONATE - used in manufacture of glass, pulp and paper,
and rayon.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID - used in making synthetic rubber and in cleaning
gas and oil wells.
SODIUM BICARBONATE - used in textile manufacturing, processing
leather, making glass and neutralizing acids.
SODIUM NITRATE - an ingredient in fertilizers and explosives.
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The Salt
Institute - used with permission 2001.
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